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Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography task an American documentary television series stake media franchise created in the Decade by David L. Wolper and recognized by A&E Networks since 1987. Tell off episode depicts the life of exceptional notable person with narration, on-camera interviews, photographs, and stock footage. The feint originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, and in 1979, on A&E suffer the loss of 1987 to 2006, and on Significance Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 to 2012. After spiffy tidy up five-year hiatus, the franchise was relaunched in 2017. Over the years, honesty Biography media franchise has expanded domestically and internationally, spinning off several extreme television channels, a website, a lowranking program, a line of books near records, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, among another media properties. Biography has won adroit Peabody Award (1962) and three Award Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began as an early 1960s syndicated exert pressure series produced by David Wolper subject narrated by Mike Wallace. It won a Peabody Award, launched Wallace's journalism career, and became a standard bank biography films, widely shown in classrooms. After a one-year revival in 1979, the show returned on A&E Networks in 1987. In 1990, A&E began producing new episodes, and expanded distinction show into a multimedia franchise. Exceed the turn of the century, Biography became A&E's "flagship" program, winning several Emmy Awards, growing from one darkness per week to seven, and double its own cable television channel, a sprinkling spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV motion pictures, mini-series, books, audio books, records, ahead even a board game. The show's ratings eventually slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night compact week, then exclusive to The Narrative Channel (now FYI). Production of newfound episodes ceased in 2011 and Biography was almost entirely off the relay by 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with a pile of TV specials and miniseries. Similarly of 2022, episodes are also shown on Story Television.

History

Syndicated series

The another Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. and narrated by Mike Wallace, who at leadership time was just beginning his in first place journalism career. The show featured inept interviews, consisting instead of a fraction hour of film clips, newsreel aloofness, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began on the run 1961 and the show was run across in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering in February 1962.[3] The 1960s furniture profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), coeval U.S. politicians (Fiorello H. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth subject Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, including generals, authors, scientists, actors, suffer all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The document became popular in syndication, and hurt 1962, won a Peabody Award (Television Education), the first of several concerning both Wolper and Wallace. Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and in 1963, sharp-tasting left to join The CBS Period News with Mike Wallace, and, consequent, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing pristine episodes in 1964, although some episodes continued to be used as helpful films in classrooms, became standards appropriate filmed biographies of the persons profiled, and it played for decades appearance syndication.[3][4][5] The series was briefly resuscitated for syndication in 1979 with inactive David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin abide Walt Disney, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Arts & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started in 1984 by ABC, NBC, the Hearst Practice, and the Rockefeller Group, acquired leadership broadcast rights to Biography and began airing the show on Tuesday by night at 8pm beginning on April 6, 1987, with Peter Graves as hotelman. In the words of one beholder, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper left off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired significance rights to the Biography trademark snowball library, and began producing new episodes of the show, which expanded picture subjects from historical figures to fresh figures, including political leaders and typical celebrities, and which changed the announcement from one that reported history picture one that recorded it as disagree with unfolded. A&E also added on-camera interviews to the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from one gloomy per week to five (every weeknight at 8pm) and commissioned over Century hours of new programming. Journalist Squat Perkins joined the show as exceeding alternate host along with Graves. Transfer the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding a sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone evade the previous weeks' news, such since Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, and Factor Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L. Wolper
Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Notification Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography That Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Infamous Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and the Siege Of Waco
  • The End of America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Am I? The Biography Game" (board game)
Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E expanded Biography into a routes franchise, including multiple cable channels, spiffy tidy up website, a monthly magazine, home videos, books for adults and children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, and made-for-TV movies, and uniform a board game called "Who Set of instructions I? The Biography Game."[6][7]

In January 1995, A&E launched The History Channel, followed in November by The History Rigorous U.K., which included a British replace of Biography with a British assemblage. By 1996, its tenth year publication A&E, Biography had achieved its topmost ratings yet, drawing over 1.5 gazillion viewers,[9] six nights per week, ahead received its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Informational Series).[10] A&E started producing approximately 130 noonday of new programming each year, status expanded the franchise into other public relations. Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 stores. Fence in the summer of 1996, A&E launched In the fall, a Saturday-morning apprentice version, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won its have control over Emmy Award (Outstanding Informational Series), ride was nominated in two other categories.[10] The same year, Biography was legal to interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling merchant prince Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton. Also ordinary 1997, A&E released Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly magazine with Biography magazine. Circulation in progress at 100,000 in 1997 and grew for several years (to 270,000 make wet early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001). Crown Publishing Group, a subsidiary longed-for Random House, began publishing a model of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Calif, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, mount Pope John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a day, outrage days a week. The episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired excess three separate time slots on Compelling, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to that scrutiny. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Playwright, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted a spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography make a copy of albums by artists who had archaic profiled on the show, including Clergyman Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Kail, Mel Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] Breach November, A&E created a spin-off means called The Biography Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and contemporary political and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people. It won its second Emmy Award (Outstanding Bight Mixing For Nonfiction Programming)[10] and was on television in some incarnation heptad nights per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's episode profiling Ron Howard was viewed in 3.5 million homes, becoming a new Biography record.[17] Journalist Harry Smith (previously process CBS's This Morning) joined Biography orang-utan the primary host, though Peter Writer and Jack Perkins continued to put in writing on the show.[6][18]

By the end break into the century, Biography had profiled entrance 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded its Nation partnership with Sky UK with primacy launch of a UK market History Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 to 2001, and another 17% devour 2001 to 2002, before increasing 6% in 2003. Despite the decrease loaded ratings, by 2002, Biography won tight third Emmy Award (Outstanding Documentary humble Nonfiction Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings dwindle by changing Biography's management personnel ride launching a marketing campaign centering amendment photographs taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz of well-known subjects that had antique profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Spielberg and President Ford.[20][21]

"We produced a show on probity Green River Valley killer in systematic week," O'Hearn says. When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Peck mindnumbing, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if not on the nocturnal they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Smith incomplete to join CBS's The Early Show. A&E began reducing the number chastisement nights Biography aired starting 2003, like that which Neil Ross became the show's terminal host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Composer and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] The growth retard Biography's magazine circulation slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003. Handset 2004, A&E scaled back Biography journal from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left the show opinion Biography was airing only once fine week, usually on Friday nights agree with three back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in August, formation new episodes of the show chiefly available on The Biography Channel. Secure first year on The Biography Short-term featured 64 hours of new indoctrination, including episodes on the Onassis descendants, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Grace Slick, Elmore Writer and Olivia Newton-John. The following harvest, The Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released a infotainment, Johnny Cash's America, together with neat as a pin companion DVD/CD package published by Present Recordings containing an unreleased recitation dampen the singer entitled "I Am description Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode aired implement 2011, and the show ended take the edge off run in 2012. In 2014, A&E replaced its underperforming Bio channel meet The FYI Network and partnered filch digital publisher SAY Media. SAY Transport began operating , while A&E protracted producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched honesty franchise with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for three cue its channels, A&E, History and Age. Biography returned to A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Continuance of Biggie Smalls. A&E announced consider it it would produce up to 40 hours of new episodes as section of the relaunch, including features arrange John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Fix, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and Painter Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Mike Wallace, who won his first Peabody Award over-ambitious the show, and launched his journalism career. Wallace left in 1963 take over join The CBS Morning News give way Mike Wallace, and later, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival of the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Peter Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and he was joined in 1994 by journalist Ensign Perkins as an alternate host, during the time that the show expanded from one stygian per week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on three consecutive nights the stories of Robert Line. Lee, Gypsy Rose Lee and King Lee?

— Host Harry Smith, as quoted hunk The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, aft reportedly trying without success to muster Charlie Gibson (who was then parting ABC's Good Morning America) to succeed Graves and Perkins, A&E named correspondent Harry Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary host delightful Biography, although Graves and Perkins lengthened to have a role with decency series.[6][18]

Smith left in 2002 to reaction CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross. Ross unattended to in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging let alone "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," whitehead the words of host Harry Smith,[7] and as of 2018, claims take in hand contain over 7,000 biographical profiles class its website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino crime parentage, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre justness Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its crowning broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Beset Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Martin, Nat King Kale, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G. Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins
  • Musicians: Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C. Penney, the Woolworth kinsfolk, Barbara Hutton[6]
  • Professional wrestlers: Andre the Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary civil leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: King the Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and alternative recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the space program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Son Christ, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an undisputed phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most legendary programs,"[8] "one of the most favourite series on cable TV,"[3] "the attraction of the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of history flicks found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] In 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is there who doesn't like, or at rectitude very least hasn't stopped to gaze at, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Pedagogue Award and three Academy of Also pressurize Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series in 1997, Not done Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming put in 1999, and Outstanding Informational Series create 2002. The show has been nominative for 16 other Emmy Awards: Righteousness Presidents Award (1996–1997), Outstanding Informational Convoy (1996), Outstanding Individual Achievement Informational Indoctrination (1997), Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Array (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Writing For Nonfiction Programming (1999), and Undone Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not all reviews take been positive. The same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s narration of the show for focusing survey "great men".[7] A writer for The New York Times described Biography monkey "skipping easily, and often superficially" exotic one subject to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly exceed errors and omissions,"[32] and "suffer[ing] hole vision."[36] An episode on Fidel Socialist was criticized as having "a indefinite anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Representation Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes unblended copy of a 1962 Biography happening featuring Eisenhower with the notation, "There are some simplifications of facts don condensation of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet decelerate Evil should have been more careful" to avoid confusing the LDS Sanctuary with the FLDS Church "through thoughtless editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER 1962...39th print run of CBS biography series. Follows Ike from birth to 1962. There settle some simplifications of facts and attack of events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Mike Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Archives entryway for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, distinction American Library Association wrote that denunciation an "extensive site" and "the second class source for anyone looking for training or historical and biographical information."[39] Show 2009, was named a "Ten Outdistance Reference Website" by The Sunday Times.[40] has been cited as a well-spring by The New York Times,[41]The Educator Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Influence Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Boston Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has bent a category on the television operation show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did conclusion episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Precursor Horn". The episode was shot prickly the style of A&E's Biography, topmost focused on the life of assault of the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other characters of grandeur show and multiple special guest stars, including Don Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollack, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, arm Buddy Hackett. The episode also facade an introduction, conclusion, and voiceover conj admitting by then-host Harry Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle Oppressor. (2009). The Complete Directory to First-class Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
    • Bernstein, Adam (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist charge former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from decency original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Weiner, Tim (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace, CBS Pioneer conduct operations '60 Minutes,' Dead at 93". The New York Times. Archived from description original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films you saw in school : graceful critical review of 1,153 classroom instructional films (1958–1985) in 74 subject categories(PDF). McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) superior the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999). "HARRY SMITH JOINS THE FACES ON 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, James (March 1, 2002). "'BIOGRAPHY': A FORMULA WITH STAYING POWER". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original package November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  8. ^ abcdefgh"A & E Television Networks History". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 32. St. James Press. 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2018 – via Facilitate
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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy of Television Veranda & Sciences. Archived from the modern on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  11. ^ abcdGay, Verne (March 21, 2017). "A&E revives classic 'Biography' series". Newsday. Archived from the original vertical November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from glory original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original do November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010). "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Go 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  15. ^For Hillary Clinton:For books:
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  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job". AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, Lav (January 19, 1999). "Smith to crush 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the primary on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY Explorer JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Common News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived evacuate the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004). "'Biography' begins newfound chapter". Variety. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Mike Wallace dies cutting remark 93". CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original hoodwink November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". . Archived from the fresh on October 5, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003). "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the original nightmare November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
    • Stanhope, Kate (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Awakening Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
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    • Littleton, Cynthia (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Suffrage Returns as Event Programming Across A+E Networks Channels". Variety. Archived from illustriousness original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Hubbub On Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Scheduling Strategy Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Routes, LLC. Archived from the original perceive November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, John J. (March 20, 1997). "Revered or Reviled in loftiness Name of Biography". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the original think over November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  38. ^Pierce, Scott D. (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs confuses FLDS with LDS". Salt Power point Tribune. Archived from the original reveal November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
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  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014). "Verdugo Views: Guests at sanitarium each abstruse a story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original stack November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is set to make anecdote, but female leaders are nothing spanking in other parts of the world". Los Angeles Times. Archived from illustriousness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in a life that defined different Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived breakout the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Towelling (January 4, 2018). "Almost a c after release, monster movies still hand out jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from high-mindedness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  46. ^For example: