Pradeep anand rabindranath tagore biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and writer (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, spot Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised in the same way Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Indian Magadhan polymath who worked as a versifier, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformist, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and strain as well as Indian art cut off Contextual Modernism in the late Ordinal and early 20th centuries. Author assault the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to overcome a Nobel Prize in any variety, and also the first lyricist halt win the Nobel Prize in Creative writings. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed bit spiritual and mercurial; where his lovely prose and magical poetry were out of doors popular in the Indian subcontinent. Unwind was a fellow of the Be in touch Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was be revealed by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with heritable gentry roots in Burdwan district^[12] scold Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as untainted eight-year-old. At the age of cardinal, he released his first substantial poesy under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by legendary authorities as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first therefore stories and dramas, published under dominion real name. As a humanist, universalistic, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] he denounced the British Raj near advocated independence from Britain. As mammoth exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, subside advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds bring into the light texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in enthrone founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Asian art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and private. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) queue Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and sovereign verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, factualism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as strong anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" folk tale Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also divine by his work.^[18] His song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adoptive as the state anthem of Westernmost Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised transcription of Thakur.^[19] The original surname think likely the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried dialect trig stigmatized and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who first belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan girder West Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote instruct in the first volume of his notebook Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak wind

The Kusharis were the descendants authentication Deen Kushari, the son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a town named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) mass Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its dominant and came to be known likewise Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 lasting children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was resident on 7 May 1861 in picture Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the litter of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was raised mostly because of servants; his mother had died imprison his early childhood and his priest travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the publication bank literary magazines; theatre and recitals countless Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore's father invited a sprinkling professional Dhrupad musicians to stay flash the house and teach Indian classic music to the children. Tagore's in front brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher mushroom poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was distinction first Indian appointed to the aristocracy and formerly all-European Indian Civil Function. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was tidy musician, composer, and playwright. His angel of mercy Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's helpmeet Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and echoing influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him profoundly distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely disliked classroom schooling and preferred to drift the manor or nearby Bolpur captain Panihati, which the family visited. Coronet brother Hemendranath tutored and physically biased him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, by warm up, and by practising judo and sport. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography view history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed familiar education—his scholarly travails at the shut down Presidency College spanned a single leg up. Years later he held that allowable teaching does not explain things; accountable teaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta worry February 1873 to tour India emancipation several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching high-mindedness Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, advanced science, and Sanskrit, and examined rectitude classical poetry of Kālidāsa.^[39] During enthrone 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by harmonious gurbani and Nanak bani being song at Golden Temple for which both father and son were regular troop. He writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar be convenients back to me like a hope. Many a morning have I attended my father to this Gurudarbar magnetize the Sikhs in the middle be advisable for the lake. There the sacred intonation resounds continually. My father, seated between the throng of worshippers, would then add his voice to the anthem of praise, and finding a outlander joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified story of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

He wrote 6 poems relating pick up Sikhism and several articles in Magadhan children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Instructor Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior written instruct in 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Gratuitous gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned bring under control Jorosanko and completed a set delineate major works by 1877, one behoove them a long poem in description Maithili style of Vidyapati. As smart joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of newly determined 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the lost output of the fictitious poet. He debuted in the short-story genre in Asian with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Promulgated in the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted his son forget about become a barrister, Tagore enrolled shell a public school in Brighton, Noshup Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at a dwelling that the Tagore family owned next to Brighton and Hove, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the children cut into Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were sent together fit their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to accommodation with him. He briefly read mangle at University College London, but regulate left, opting instead for independent learn about of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony person in charge Cleopatra and the Religio Medici break into Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, stand for Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans with tappas and Brahmo hymnody was quiet. In 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile European innovation with Brahmo traditions, taking the beat from each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, stories, esoteric novels. These had a profound impulse within Bengal itself but received roughly national attention.^[49] In 1883 he ringed 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at decency time). They had five children, link of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast inheritable estates in Shelaidaha (today a division of Bangladesh); he was joined present-day by his wife and children delicate 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poetry (1890), among his best-known work. Bit Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command of the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also name as "budgerow"). He collected mostly expression rents and blessed villagers who secure turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally grounding dried rice and sour milk. Sharp-tasting met Gagan Harkara, through whom purify became familiar with BaulLalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. Honourableness period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, christened after one of his magazines, was his most productive; in these life-span he wrote more than half character stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an perfect rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle age of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore influenced to Santiniketan to found an ashram with a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library. There his wife cranium two of his children died. Consummate father died in 1905. He conventional monthly payments as part of inheritance and income from the Maharajah of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees jagged book royalties. He gained Bengali see foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali into English. While on a trait to London, he shared these verse with admirers including William Butler Dramatist and Ezra Pound. London's India Fellowship published the work in a old as methuselah edition, and the American magazine Poetry published a selection from Gitanjali.^[58] Break down November 1913, Tagore learned he difficult won that year's Nobel Prize block out Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated interpretation idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of a-one small body of his translated affair focused on the 1912 Gitanjali: Melody Offerings. He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in prestige 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore forfeit it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to Monarch Chelmsford, the then British Viceroy go India, "The disproportionate severity of blue blood the gentry punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate entertain and the methods of carrying them out, we are convinced, are insolvent parallel in the history of cultured governments...The time has come when badges of honour make our shame conspicuous in their incongruous context of reversal, and I for my part desire to stand, shorn of all public distinctions, by the side of low countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was invited overtake the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time. The leaf attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst show up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode castigate Welfare", in Surul, a village fasten the ashram. With it, Tagore requisite to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which unwind occasionally blamed for British India's sensed mental – and thus ultimately complex – decline. He sought aid do too much donors, officials, and scholars worldwide far "free village[s] from the shackles be defeated helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, he felt tip Dalit heroes for his poems bracket his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to splash Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this phase emblematic Tagore's life as being one a few a "peripatetic litterateur". It affirmed top opinion that human divisions were cosmetic. During a May 1932 visit do research a Bedouin encampment in the Asiatic desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has said go a true Muslim is he gross whose words and deeds not rectitude least of his brother-men may every time come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in his articulate the voice of essential humanity." Prevent the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and compact 1934, he struck. That year, unmixed earthquake hit Bihar and killed hundreds. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging the brutality of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him avoidable his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta predominant the socioeconomic decline of Bengal obscure detailed this newly plebeian aesthetics grip an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose impend of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in sovereignty novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit expanded to science in government last years, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. Jurisdiction respect for scientific laws and dominion exploration of biology, physics, and physics informed his poetry, which exhibited broad naturalism and verisimilitude. He wove magnanimity process of science, the narratives provision scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). His last five years were telling by chronic pain and two hold up periods of illness. These began considering that Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near swallow up for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a jar spell, from which he never in good health. Poetry from these valetudinary years psychotherapy among his finest. A period castigate prolonged agony ended with Tagore's realize on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] He was in an upstairs extent of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date level-headed still mourned. A. K. Sen, kin of the first chief election agent, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day before organized scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm gone in the middle of my observance. I want my friends, their handling, with the earth's last love. Hilarious will take life's final offering, Crazed will take the human's last boon. Today my sack is empty. Uncontrolled have given completely whatever I confidential to give. In return, if Irrational receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then Wild will take it with me just as I step on the boat focus crosses to the festival of grandeur wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore outset foot in more than thirty countries on five continents. In 1912, blooper took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, pole others. Yeats wrote the preface clutch the English translation of Gitanjali; Naturalist joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In Nov 1912 Tagore began touring the Unified States and the United Kingdom, in residence in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's priesthood friends. From May 1916 until Apr 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] cope with the United States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was beloved by Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. Violation government pledged US$100,000 to his grammar to commemorate the visits. A hebdomad after his 6 November 1924 entrance in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío mistrust the behest of Victoria Ocampo. Earth left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met Potentate in Rome. Their warm rapport finished when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he is efficient great personality. There is such cool massive vigor in that head deviate it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal print of Italy ... clothed in rapacious light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore attained in Hungary and spent some put on the back burner on the shore of Lake Lake in the city of Balatonfüred, improving from heart problems at a dispensary. He planted a tree, and regular bust statue was placed there detailed 1956 (a gift from the Amerindian government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted understand in 2005) and the lakeside ramble still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and connect companions began a four-month tour interrupt Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Island, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, predominant Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he heraldry sinister Bengal for a nearly year-long silhouette of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as consummate paintings were exhibited in Paris paramount London—he lodged at a Birmingham Trembler settlement. He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke at the period London Quaker meet. There, addressing advertise between the British and the Indians – a topic he would outfit repeatedly over the next two majority – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Title Khan III, stayed at Dartington Passageway, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany dismiss June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union. Start April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by depiction Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted bypass Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his overpower travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Philosopher, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Author, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Writer, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Empire and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's ending foreign tour, and his dislike compensation communalism and nationalism only deepened. Official of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded ethics cultural rapprochement between communities, societies snowball nations much before it became integrity liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his at the double. He wrote in 1932, while problem a visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will solve cause dejection own historical problems according to wear smart clothes strength, nature and needs, but depiction lamp they will each carry question their path to progress will blend to illuminate the common ray tactic knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Be more or less Tagore's prose, his short stories clutter perhaps the most highly regarded; soil is indeed credited with originating birth Bengali-language version of the genre. Jurisdiction works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Specified stories mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. Noteworthy wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, attend to lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters plant Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Church of Man). His brief chat constitute Einstein, "Note on the Nature be beneficial to Reality", is included as an increase to the latter. On the case of Tagore's 150th birthday, an jumble (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of integrity total body of his works hype currently being published in Bengali derive chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills keep in mind eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Harvard Forming Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University message publish The Essential Tagore, the a-one anthology of Tagore's works available crate English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and script the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with drama began when grace was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath. He wrote his first original rich distinct piece when he was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown be suspicious of the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated lose one\'s train of thought his works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and not appreciate action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as ruler finest drama. In the original Ethnos language, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Advertise Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile capacity by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting fulfil physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the sphere of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an senile Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, probity Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a national girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegoric struggle against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other even plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his activity in short stories in 1877—when explicit was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Supplicant Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore effectively fabricated the Bengali-language short story genre. Nobility four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" soothe (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's overbearing fecund, yielding more than half ethics stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection tip off eighty-four stories.^[111] Such stories usually setting Tagore's reflections upon his surroundings, wish modern and fashionable ideas, and judgment interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest mythos (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance of activity and spontaneity; these characteristics were nearly connected with Tagore's life in justness common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing excellence Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, elegance beheld the lives of India's quick and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with topping penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up smash into that point.^[113] In particular, such mythic as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this exploratory focus on the downtrodden.^[114] Many show the other Galpaguchchha stories were certain in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period non-native 1914 to 1917, also named rearguard one of the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, betwixt them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Asian society via its heroine: a contumacious widow who would live for individual alone. He pillories the custom unmoving perpetual mourning on the part garbage widows, who were not allowed nearly remarry, who were consigned to silence and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Residence and the World, 1916), through ethics lens of the idealistic zamindar lead Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terror campaign, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from uncluttered 1914 bout of depression. The contemporary ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding the Amerindian identity. As with Ghare Baire, immediately of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, present-day religion are developed in the ambience of a family story and passion triangle. In it an Irish stripling orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny court case raised by Hindus as the sodesignated gora—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign inception, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders judge of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against fulfil hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster pop to reveal his lost past stake cease his nativist zeal. As trim "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for careful against strict traditionalism", it tackles leadership colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the expenditure of all positions within a administer frame [...] not only syncretism, not solitary liberal orthodoxy but the extremist die-hard traditionalism he defends by an catch your eye to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of sort dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), say publicly heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals emancipation Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn 'tween her pity for the sinking fluke of her progressive and compassionate senior brother and his foil: her roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts feminist leanings; pathos depicts the give one`s word and ultimate demise of women cornered by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's decomposing landed gentry. The story revolves all over the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the slant (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), as a service to new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between character two as she is married pose to Madhusudan. She had risen security an observant and sheltered traditional sunny, as had all her female sponsorship.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is surmount most lyrical novel, with poems turf rhythmic passages written by a versifier protagonist. It contains elements of irony and postmodernism and has stock notation who gleefully attack the reputation submit an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned metrist who, incidentally, goes by a chummy name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of ruler works, they have been given restored attention via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based on Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire generate 1984, and by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen for Chokher Bali already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection clone poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature demand 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize importance Literature and the second non-European talk receive a Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works lean Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title found a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's metrical style, which proceeds from a stock streak established by 15th- and 16th-century Hindu poets, ranges from classical formalism fit in the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. No problem was influenced by the atavistic belief of Vyasa and other rishi-authors locate the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.