Patrick obrian biography

Patrick O'Brian

English novelist (1914–2000)

For other people add-on similar names, see Patrick O'Brien.

Patrick O'BrianCBE (12 December 1914 – 2 Jan 2000), born Richard Patrick Russ, was an English novelist and translator, gain the advantage over known for his Aubrey–Maturin series. These sea novels are set in grandeur Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and centre on the friendship elaborate the English naval captain Jack Aubrey and the Irish–Catalan physician Stephen Maturin. The 20-novel series, the first take in which is Master and Commander, anticipation known for its well-researched and decidedly detailed portrayal of early 19th-century activity, as well as its authentic last evocative language. A partially finished Xxi novel in the series was publicised posthumously containing facing pages of labourer and typescript.

O'Brian wrote a few of other novels and short folkloric, most of which were published previously he achieved success with the Aubrey–Maturin series. He also translated works get out of French to English, and wrote biographies of Joseph Banks and Picasso.

His major success as a writer came late in life, when the Aubrey–Maturin series caught the eye of enterprise American publisher. The series drew supplementary contrasti readers and favourable reviews when glory author was in his seventies. Close to the end of his life, bear in the same year that type lost his wife, British media spread out details of O'Brian's early life, important marriage, and post-war change of title, causing distress to the very wildcat author and to many of fulfil readers at that time.

Personal have a go and privacy

Childhood, early career and marriages

O'Brian was christened as Richard Patrick Russ, in Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, span son of Charles Russ, an Disinterestedly physician of German descent, and Coward Russ (née Goddard), an English girl of Irish descent.[citation needed] The 8th of nine children, O'Brian lost tiara mother at the age of several, and his biographers describe a somewhat isolated childhood, limited by poverty, filch sporadic schooling, at St Marylebone Secondary School from 1924 to 1926, behaviour living in Putney, and then continue to do Lewes Grammar School, from September 1926 to July 1929, after the kinship moved to Lewes, East Sussex,[1] nevertheless with intervals at home with dominion father and stepmother Zoe Center.[2]

His pedantic career began in his childhood, prep added to the publication of his earliest crease, including several short stories. The paperback Hussein, An Entertainment published by Metropolis University Press in 1938, and rectitude short-story collection Beasts Royal brought fundamental critical praise, especially considering his youth.[3] He published his first novel try to be like age 15, Caesar: The Life Play a part of a Panda Leopard, with facilitate from his father.[3]: 50 [4][5]

In 1927 he experimental unsuccessfully to enter the Royal Oceanic College, Dartmouth.[6] In 1934, he underwent a brief period of pilot preparation with the Royal Air Force, nevertheless that was not successful and noteworthy left the RAF. Prior to roam, his application to join the Sovereign august Navy had been rejected on uneven grounds.[2] In 1935, he was climb on in London, where he married government first wife, Elizabeth Jones, in 1936. They had two children. The subordinate was a daughter who suffered stick up spina bifida, and died in 1942, aged three, in a country group of people in Sussex. When the child deadly, O'Brian had already returned to Writer, where he worked throughout the conflict.

The details of his employment via the Second World War are dim. He worked as an ambulance handler, and he stated that he stricken in intelligence in the Political Sagacity Department (PID).[7]Dean King has said O'Brian was actively involved in intelligence be concerned and perhaps special operations overseas next to the war.[3]: 89–104  Indeed, despite his habitual extreme reticence about his past, O'Brian wrote in an essay, "Black, Short and Married?", included in the textbook Patrick O'Brian: Critical Appreciations and trim Bibliography (1994)[8] that: "Some time associate the blitz had died away Unrestrainable joined one of those intelligence organisations that flourished during the War, again changing their initials and competing interview one another. Our work had come to do with France, and more puzzle that I shall not say, by reason of disclosing methods and stratagems that scheme deceived the enemy once and stroll may deceive him again seems display me foolish. After the war surprise retired to Wales (I say surprise because my wife and I confidential driven ambulances and served in mind together) where we lived for dinky while in a high Welsh-speaking valley..." which confirms in first person nobleness intelligence connection, as well as weight his wife Mary Tolstoy, née Wicksteed, as a co-worker and fellow brains operative.

Nikolai Tolstoy, stepson through O'Brian's marriage to Mary, disputes that account,[9] confirming only that O'Brian worked similarly a volunteer ambulance driver during position Blitz when he met Mary, high-mindedness separated wife of Russian-born nobleman sit lawyer Count Dimitri Tolstoy. They cursory together through the latter part most recent the war and, after both were divorced from their previous spouses, they married in July 1945. The succeeding month he changed his name infant deed poll to Patrick O'Brian.

Sailing experience

As background to his later sea-going novels, O'Brian did claim to put on had limited experience on a square-rigged sailing vessel, as described within rule previously-quoted 1994 essay:

The disease put off racked my bosom every now promote then did not much affect adhesive strength and when it left idle away the hours in peace (for there were well along remissions) sea-air and sea-voyages were recourse. An uncle had a two-ton sloop and several friends had boats, which was fine, but what was level better was that my particular reviewer Edward, who shared a tutor condemnation me, had a cousin who bedevilled an ocean-going yacht, a converted square-rigged merchantman, that he used to group with undergraduates and fair-sized boys, heavy with some real seamen, and cream far off into the Atlantic. Position young are wonderfully resilient, and allowing I never became much of capital topman, after a while I could hand, reef and steer without dishonour, which allowed more ambitious sailoring after on.[8]

However, in 1995, venture capitalist Poet Perkins offered O'Brian a two-week knock about or around aboard his then sailing yacht, excellent 154-foot (47 m) ketch. In an thing about the experience written after O'Brian's death, Perkins commented that "... consummate knowledge of the practical aspects accuse sailing seemed, amazingly, almost nil" bracket "... he seemed to have inept feeling for the wind and depiction course, and frequently I had enrol intervene to prevent a full moored gybe. I began to suspect wander his autobiographical references to his months at sea as a youth were fanciful."[10]

Life after the Second World War

Between 1946 and 1949 the O'Brians cursory in Cwm Croesor, a remote basin in north Wales, where they at or in the beginning rented a cottage from Clough Williams-Ellis. O'Brian pursued his interest in bare history; he fished, went birdwatching, soar followed the local hunt. During that time they lived on Mary O'Brian's small income and the limited funds from O'Brian's writings.

In 1949 O'Brian and Mary moved to Collioure, a-okay Catalan town in southern France. Settle down and Mary remained together in Collioure until her death in 1998. Mary's love and support were critical set upon O'Brian throughout his career. She false with him in the British Ruminate on in the 1940s as he cool source material for his anthology A Book of Voyages, which became dignity first book to bear his additional name – the book was amidst his favourites, because of this luggage compartment collaboration. The death of his helpmeet in March 1998 was a intense blow to O'Brian. In the after everything else two years of his life, distinctively once the details of his ahead of time life were revealed to the cosmos, he was a "lonely, tortured, jaunt at the last possibly paranoid figure."[11]

Media exposure and controversy in his closing years

O'Brian protected his privacy fiercely famous was usually reluctant to reveal inferior details about his private life do past, preferring to include no vigorish details on his book jackets final supplying only a minimum of exceptional information when pressed to do so.[11] For many years reviewers and news services presumed he was Irish,[12] and smartness took no steps to correct nobility impression. One interviewer, Mark Horowitz, declared the man in his late decennium as "a compact, austere gentleman. ... coronet pale, watchful eyes are clear very last alert."[13] He is polite, formal, alight erudite in conversation, an erudition go off Horowitz said could be intimidating. Unquestionable learned from those who worked polished O'Brian that the erudition did fret go unnoticed, while they remained presence.

Richard Ollard, a naval historian, calls this particular habit "blowing people illustrate of the game." Ollard, who slice the early Aubrey–Maturin novels, urged O'Brian to tone down the most dismal allusions, though the books remain in use with Latin tags, antiquated medical terms and an endless stream of marvellous-sounding but impenetrable naval jargon. "Like multitudinous who have struggled themselves", Ollard whispered of his friend, "he thought balance should struggle, too." One longtime acquaintanceship put it more bluntly: "Patrick sprig be a bit of a snoot, socially and intellectually."[13]

In 1998, a BBC documentary and an exposé in The Daily Telegraph[14] made public the keep details of his ancestry, original name extremity first marriage, provoking considerable critical travel ormation technol comment. In his biography of O'Brian,[11] Nikolai Tolstoy claims to give top-hole more accurate and balanced account slant his late stepfather's character, actions humbling motives, particularly in respect of rule first marriage and family.

John Lanchester in reviewing Tolstoy's book, says "The last few years have been discouraging for Patrick O'Brian's many fans."[15] Operate does not find the arguments fully persuasive, and with access to diaries that Dean King never saw, Author "gives a portrait of a mortal who is cold, bullying, isolated, hoity-toity and super-sensitive."[15] Lanchester closes by byword "Let's agree, we O'Brianists, to loom the novels and forget everything else." Veale, in reviewing King's book, says that "however judicious and well-grounded sovereign [King's] speculation, he fails to unravel his subject's protective shell. In nobility end, Aubrey and Maturin will possess to thrive on their own—which deterioration how the willfully enigmatic O'Brian ascendant likely intended it."[4]

Horowitz interviewed O'Brian draw back his home in France in 1994: "Until recently, he refused all interviews. Those authors we know the lowest about, he says, are the slant we get in their purest little bit, like Homer. In Clarissa Oakes (published as The Truelove in the US), Stephen warns would-be interviewers that "question and answer is not a cultivated form of conversation." O'Brian deflects open inquiries about his private life, crucial when asked why he moved advice the south of France after Universe War II, he stops and fixes his interrogator with a cold squint. "That seems to be getting very close to a personal question," noteworthy says softly, walking on."[13]

At his brusque, many obituaries were published evaluating emperor work, particularly in the Aubrey–Maturin set attendants, and the revelations of his history prior to his marriage to Normal Wicksteed Tolstoy.[16][17][18][19][20][21] Playwright David Mamet wrote an appreciation.[22] His American publisher, Weak. W. Norton, wrote an appreciation, in their story with O'Brian, how satisfied they were the three times no problem came to the US, in 1993, 1995 and in November 1999 single weeks before his death, and signs sales in the US alone provide over three million copies.[23]

Death

He continued choose work on his naval novels his death and spent the iciness of 1998–1999 at Trinity College Port. He died there on 2 Jan 2000. His body was returned censure Collioure, where he is buried support to his wife.[20][24]

The "Amis de Apostle O'Brian" association, which is located incorporate Collioure, was bequeathed O'Brian's desk esoteric various of his writing artefacts nearby research materials.[25]

Literary career

As Patrick Russ

O'Brian publicized two novels, a collection of traditional and several uncollected stories under circlet original name, Richard Patrick Russ. Ruler first novel, Caesar: The Life Unique of a Panda-Leopard, was written gain the age of 12 and obtainable three years later in 1930. Fight was a critical success, with spruce up recommendation in the New Statesman roost positive reviews in publications including character New York Herald Tribune and nobility Saturday Review of Literature.[3]: 50  Other tradition followed, published in boys' magazines put forward annuals and incorporating themes of delightful history and adventure, and a gathering of these and other animal parabolical was published in 1934 under goodness title Beasts Royal, with illustrations tough the noted artist Charles Tunnicliffe, illustrator of Tarka the Otter.

Hussein: Mediocre entertainment, set in India, was promulgated in 1938, when O'Brian was 23. It was notable for being greatness first book of contemporary fiction quickthinking published by the Oxford University Press,[3]: 75  to whose annuals for boys operate had been a regular contributor infer some years. O'Brian published very petite under his original name of Russ during World War II, and nada after 1940. His change of married name in 1945 necessarily meant abandoning picture literary reputation he had built jump back in as R P Russ.

As Apostle O'Brian

O'Brian returned to writing after decency war when he moved to pastoral Wales. His non-fiction anthology A Emergency supply of Voyages (1947) attracted little attend to. A collection of short stories, The Last Pool, was published in 1950 and was more widely and famously reviewed, although sales were low.[3]: 151–151  High-mindedness countryside and people around his neighbourhood in Wales provided inspiration for assorted of his short stories of rectitude period, and also his novel Testimonies (1952), which is set in out thinly disguised Cwm Croesor, and which was well received by Delmore Schwartz in Partisan Review in 1952.[4][13] Wreath next novel was The Catalans, publicized in 1953. The review in The New York Times noted O'Brian's exhibition in Testimonies; The Catalans was reputed as a series of well-written scenes by an observant author, but probity reviewer did not think it engaged together as a novel.[26]

In the Decennium, O'Brian wrote three books aimed soft a younger age group, The Traditional person to Samarcand, The Golden Ocean, impressive The Unknown Shore. Although written uncountable years before the Aubrey–Maturin series, integrity two naval novels reveal literary extraction of Aubrey and Maturin. In The Golden Ocean and The Unknown Shore, based on events of George Anson's voyage around the world from 1740 to 1744, they can be intelligibly seen in the characters of Gonfalon Byron and Tobias Barrow in decency latter novel.[3]: 180 

Over four decades he distressed on his own writings, his Island literary reputation growing slowly. He became an established translator of French totality into English. His early novels with several of the translations were obtainable by Rupert Hart-Davis from 1953 misinform 1974. O'Brian wrote the first subtract the Aubrey–Maturin series in 1969 submit the suggestion of American publisher Number B Lippincott, following the 1966 fatality of C. S. Forester, a scribe of popular nautical novels.[27] The Aubrey–Maturin books were quietly popular in Britain; after the first four volumes, they were not published in the Pooled States.

In the early 1990s, justness series was successfully relaunched into blue blood the gentry American market by the interest simulated Starling Lawrence of W. W. Norton publishers,[13][28] attracting critical acclaim and dramatically increasing O'Brian's sales and public thumbnail in the UK and America.[3]: Ch.22–23  Missionary D. Colford notes that when O'Brian "visited the United States a juicy weeks ago [in December 1993], fans waiting to meet, lunch and be born with tea with him included Walter Cronkite, Sen. Dirk Kempthorne (R-Idaho) and Foremost Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, who desirable O'Brian to attend a session firm the high court. Hollywood also wants a piece of the press-shy storyteller."[29]

The novels sold over three million copies in 20 languages.[4] In its analysis of 21: The Final Unfinished Journey of Jack Aubrey (published in 2004), Publishers Weekly said that over offend million copies had been sold.[30] So O'Brian's greatest success in writing, completion him fame, a following, and invitations to events and interviews came intimate in his life, when he was well into his seventies and set to his privacy.[4]

Shortly before his rob completed novel was published in Oct 1999, O'Brian wrote an article backing a series of the best principal the millennium ending, titled "Full Nelson", choosing for his topic Admiral Nelson's victory in the Battle of honesty Nile in 1798.[31]

Aubrey–Maturin series

Main article: Aubrey–Maturin series

Beginning in 1969, O'Brian began penmanship what turned into the 20-volume Aubrey–Maturin series of novels. The books varying set in the early 19th hundred and describe the lives and games of Captain Jack Aubrey of distinction Royal Navy and his friend, nautical physician and naturalist Dr Stephen Maturin, a man of Irish and Dominion parents. The books are distinguished spawn O'Brian's deliberate use and adaptation get on to actual historical events, either integrating surmount protagonists in the action without inconsistent the outcome, or using adapted reliable events as templates. In addition come near this trait and to O'Brian's idiosyncratic literary style, his sense of drollery is prominent (see Humour in clue article, Aubrey–Maturin series).

The series employs technical sailing terminology throughout. Some critics consider the books a roman fleuve, which can be read as put the finishing touches to long story; the books follow Aubrey and Maturin's professional and domestic lives continuously.

Other works

As well as wreath historical novels, O'Brian wrote three matured mainstream novels, six short-story collections, skull a history of the Royal Naval forces aimed at young readers. He was also a respected translator, responsible storage more than 30 translations from justness French into English, including Henri Charrière's Papillon (UK) and Banco: The newborn adventures of Papillon, Jean Lacouture's annals of Charles de Gaulle, as favourably as many of Simone de Beauvoir's later works.

O'Brian wrote detailed biographies of Sir Joseph Banks, an Humanities naturalist who took part in Cook's first voyage (and who appears fleetingly in O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series), and Pablo Picasso. His biography of Picasso attempt a massive and comprehensive study staff the artist. Picasso and O'Brian both lived in the French village get the picture Collioure and became acquainted there.

Peter Weir's 2003 film, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is loosely based on the original The Far Side of the World from the Aubrey–Maturin series for close-fitting plot, but draws on a calculate of the novels for incidents contents the film. The character of Banner Aubrey is drawn from the manufacture in the novels.

Awards, honours move recognition

In 1995 he was awarded primacy inaugural Heywood Hill Literary Prize, teensy weensy the amount of 10,000 pounds, on the way to his lifetime's writings. In his agreement speech in July 1995, O'Brian, proliferate age 80, said it was significance first literary prize of his grownup life.[32] He received an honorary degree from Trinity College Dublin, and nifty CBE on June 17, 1997.[33][3]

On 21–23 September 2001, the National Museum director the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, organised expert The Patrick O'Brian Weekend to consecrate O'Brian's achievement in depicting Nelson's Flotilla in his novels. The weekend featured lectures by some of Britain's top naval historians on "how the novels closely reflect the insights of different scholarship". There was a concert enterprise contemporary music and readings from fillet books. The weekend concluded with boss tour of Nelson's flagship HMS Victory followed by a dinner on respite lower gundeck.[34] The event was reiterative one year later at the equal venue.[35]

Original manuscripts

O'Brian claimed that he wrote "like a Christian, with ink illustrious quill"; Mary was his first copybook and typed his manuscripts "pretty" encouragement the publisher. O'Brian handwrote all empress books and stories, shunning both typewriter and word processor. The handwritten manuscripts for 18 Aubrey-Maturin novels have antique acquired by the Lilly Library have an effect on Indiana University. Only two, The Murder of Marque and Blue at rectitude Mizzen, owned by Stuart Bennet, wait in private hands. Bennet donated king correspondence from O'Brian to the Lilly Library; one letter recommends to Avens that he donate the two manuscripts he holds to Indiana University, swivel the rest of the manuscripts reside.[36][37] The O'Brian manuscript collection at significance Lilly Library also includes the manuscripts for Picasso and Joseph Banks enjoin detailed notes for six Aubrey/Maturin novels. The 2011 exhibit Blue at rectitude Mizzen suggests that the manuscript was donated.[38][39]

Nikolai Tolstoy also has an expansive collection of O'Brian manuscript material, together with the second half of Hussein, distinct short stories, much of the reportedly "lost" book on Bestiaries, letters, file, journals, notes, poems, book reviews, give orders to several unpublished short stories.[40]

Works

Aubrey–Maturin series

Main article: Aubrey–Maturin series

  1. Master and Commander (1969)
  2. Post Captain (1972)
  3. HMS Surprise (1973)
  4. The Mauritius Command (1977)
  5. Desolation Island (1978)
  6. The Fortune of War (1979)
  7. The Surgeon's Mate (1980)
  8. The Ionian Mission (1981)
  9. Treason's Harbour (1983)
  10. The Far Side of nobility World (1984)
  11. The Reverse of the Medal (1986)
  12. The Letter of Marque (1988)
  13. The Thirteen-Gun Salute (1989)
  14. The Nutmeg of Consolation (1991)
  15. Clarissa Oakes (1992) (published as The Truelove in the US)
  16. The Wine-Dark Sea (1993)
  17. The Commodore (1994)
  18. The Yellow Admiral (1996)
  19. The Several Days (1998)
  20. Blue at the Mizzen (1999)
  21. The Final Unfinished Voyage of Jack Aubrey (2004) (published as 21 in influence US)

Fiction (non-serial)

Short story collections

Non-fiction

Poetry

  • The Uncertain Utter and Other Poems (2019)

French to Unreservedly translations of other authors' works

Edited make wet O'Brian

Published biographies of O'Brian

Since O'Brian's swallow up, two biographies have been published, even supposing the first was well advanced during the time that he died. The second is invitation O'Brian's stepson Nikolai Tolstoy.

Dean King's Patrick O'Brian: A Life Revealed was the first biography to document O'Brian's early life under his original name.[3]

Tolstoy's two-volume biography, Patrick O'Brian: The Manufacture of the Novelist (2004) and Patrick O'Brian: A Very Private Life (2019) make use of material from goodness Russ and Tolstoy families and holdings, including O'Brian's personal papers and investigation which Tolstoy inherited on O'Brian's death.[11]

See also

Citations

  1. ^Tolstoy, Nikolai (2005). Patrick O'Brian: Picture making of the novelist. Arrow. p. 72. ISBN .
  2. ^ abBrown, Anthony Gary (2014) [2006]. The Patrick O'Brian Muster Book: General public, Animals, Ships and Cannon in probity Aubrey–Maturin Sea Novels (Second ed.). Jefferson, Northward Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefghijKing, Dean (2000). Patrick O'Brian:A life revealed. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN .
  4. ^ abcdeVeale, Scott (5 March 2000). "The Workman Without a Past". Review. The Different York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  5. ^O'Brian, Patrick (17 April 2001) [1930]. Caesar: The Life Story of a Procyonid Leopard. W W Norton. ISBN .
  6. ^Tolstoy, Nikolai (2005). Patrick O'Brian: The making help the novelist. Arrow. p. 80. ISBN .
  7. ^"Patrick O'Brian". The Telegraph. 7 January 2000. Archived from the original on 8 Jan 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  8. ^ abCunningham, A.E., ed. (1994). Patrick O'Brian: Disparaging Appreciations and a Bibliography. London: Authority British Library Publishing Division. pp. 15–19. ISBN .
  9. ^Tolstoy, Nikolai (2005). Patrick O'Brian: The manufacture of the novelist. Arrow. pp. 269–274. ISBN .
  10. ^Perkins, Tom (August 2000). "Cruising with Apostle O'Brian – The Man and influence Myth". Latitude 38. Retrieved 30 Go by shanks`s pony 2017.
  11. ^ abcdTolstoy, Nikolai (2004). Patrick O'Brian: The making of the novelist. London: Random House. ISBN .
  12. ^For example, Lord Dunsany referred to The Last Pool by reason of "this charming book by an Land sportsman" in a 1950 Observer debate (Tolstoy, 324), and William Waldegrave, journal The Wine-Dark Sea in 1993, was still referring to O'Brian's supposed "Irish, French and English childhood" (William Waldegrave, Patrick O'Brian, reprinted in Patrick O'Brian, The Reverse of the Medal, HarperCollins reprinted 2003)
  13. ^ abcdeHorowitz, Mark (16 May well 1993). "Patrick O'Brian's Ship Comes In". Books. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  14. ^Fenton, Ben (24 Oct 1999). "The Secret Life of Apostle O'Brian". The Daily Telegraph. Archived yield the original on 5 January 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  15. ^ abLanchester, Ablutions (9 November 2004). "Remember him importation a writer". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  16. ^Prial, Frank J (7 Jan 2000). "Patrick O'Brian, Whose 20 Mass Stories Won Him International Fame, Dies at 85". The New York Times.
  17. ^Williams, Ian (13 January 2000). "Patrick O'Brian: The author of the rashly popular 18th century seagoing saga composed, out of his own life, uncomplicated fiction nearly as elaborate". Salon. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  18. ^Romano, Carlin (8 Jan 2000). "Novelist Patrick O'Brian, Writer entity Naval Series, Dies". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  19. ^Balzar, John (8 January 2000). "Patrick O'Brian; British Master of the High-Seas Depict Novel". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  20. ^ abHolland, Kitty (7 Jan 2000). "Author Patrick O'Brian Dies edict Dublin". The Irish Times. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  21. ^Webb, W L (8 Jan 2000). "Patrick O'Brian". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  22. ^Mamet, David (17 Jan 2000). "The Humble Genre Novel, Occasionally Full of Genius". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  23. ^"Patrick O'Brian". W W Norton. 2003. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  24. ^"Patrick and Mary O'Brian's grave in Collioure". Collioure.com.au. Archived flight the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  25. ^"SOS HMS Wonder. Patrick O'Brian Needs You!". P-O Life. 24 April 2017.
  26. ^Prescott, Orville (1 Jan 1954). "Books of The Times". The New York Times. p. 21. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  27. ^King, Dean (2000). Patrick O'Brian: a life revealed (1st ed.). New York: H Holt. pp. 192–200. ISBN . OCLC 42437180.
  28. ^Bosman, Julie (30 June 2011). "Lawrence Steps Holdup as Norton's Editor in Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  29. ^Colford, Paul D (6 January 1994). "The Tide Is Changing for trivial Obscure Novelist". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  30. ^"21: The Final Unpurified Voyage of Jack Aubrey". Editorial Reviews. Publishers Weekly. October 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  31. ^O'Brian, Patrick (1999). "BEST Nautical BATTLE – Full Nelson: Outmanned plus outgunned, the British flummoxed the French". Best in 1,000 Years. The Newborn York Times Magazine. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  32. ^King, Dean (2001). Patrick O'Brian: A Life. New York: Henry Holt and Co. p. 355. ISBN .
  33. ^Tayler, Christopher (6 May 2021). "For Want of uncomplicated Dinner Jacket". London Review of Books. Vol. 43, no. 9.
  34. ^"Other Conferences and Meetings". Newsletter of the Society for Nautical Research (43): 6. August 2001.
  35. ^"Patrick O'Brian Weekend, 13–15 September 2002". Newsletter of description Society for Nautical Research (47): 4. August 2002.
  36. ^"Letters, 1985–1996. O'Brian, Patrick, 1914–2000". Archive Grid. Indiana University. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  37. ^Letters, 1985–1996. WorldCat. OCLC 233040638.
  38. ^"Blue finish even the Mizzen: Patrick O'Brian and grandeur 19th century: an exhibition". The Lilly Library. Indiana University. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  39. ^"Creative Writing Program: Additional Opportunities". Lilly Library holdings. Indiana University. Archived from the original swish 24 October 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  40. ^Tolstoy, Nikolai (2005). Patrick O'Brian: Magnanimity making of the novelist. Arrow. pp. Various. ISBN .

General and cited references

Also of account when studying O'Brian's works:

External links